Award [1 max]

• Easily deployable and can be implemented on demand;
• Cost effective - flexible payment methods such as pay-as-you-go models;
• Can be accessed anywhere / anytime / from any device;
• Reduction in costs as no need to host software installation / less hardware / pay personnel / rental costs;
• Scalability / can increase subscription or reduce it as required very quickly;
• Software always / regularly up to date at the supplier’s side without the need for installing patches / updates / upgrades;
• Ensured compatibility / easier collaboration - all users will have the same version of the software;
• Increased security;
• Easier administration - less maintenance / less hardware required;
• Technical support given by the provider;

Award [1 max]

• Confidentiality concerns if data related to the customer is also stored on the supplier’s hardware;
• Stability issues / latency issues - dependence on good quality internet connection can mean if the internet is down / low quality connection, no work / slow work;
• If the service goes bankrupt / shuts down you can lose your applications and data;
• Critical business functions are left in the control of a third party / Organization has no direct control of its own data;
• If the quality of service provided by the supplier is not up to the standard, data loss or corruption can occur;
• Limited customization;
• Issues with interoperability and data exchange between different platforms due to incompatible / limited API.\ Security concerns as higher risk of failure / attack / interception;
• Time Delay in contacting / receiving response from the supplier / customer support if there is an issue / different time zone;
• Can turn out to be costly in the long run;

Award [2 max]

• User roles / the organization restructure their workflow;
• Technology issues / issues of software compatibility / hardware compatibility;

Award [4] max.
Mark as [2] and [2]
Award [1] for identifying an aspect that could arise and [1] for an expansion, x2.

• Issues with personnel;
• such as redundancy/retraining/employee not willing to move to Europe, etc.;
  
  
• Changeover decisions;
• such as direct changeover/ parallel running etc.;
  
  
• Time needed;
• for merging/aligning the two systems;
  
  
• Costs involved;
• in the aligning of the two systems/ in the changeover period of time/ for buying new software or hardware/ cost for additional working hours/ cost of additional staff;
  
  
• Testing;
• Of the new systems with the new data;
  
  
• Data entry;
• If migration not possible/ cost and time involved;

*Award [2 max] #

• Parallel;
• old system and new system are operated at the same time until the current system is proved to be successful;
  
  
• Pilot;
• the new (whole) system is operated in one branch/part of the organization before it is rolled out to the whole organization;
  
  
• Direct;
• the new system replaces the old system in an immediate switchover;
  
  
• Phased;
• the new system in phases / stages, gradually replaces parts of the old system until the current system is completely replaced by the new system;

Award [2 max] Award [1] for the description and award [1] for the extension of its purpose  

Examples:

• One area/branch of the business is selected to try the new computer system;
• Once the new system is fully tested and able to function correctly / without errors / as per the user requirements, it is implemented for everyone;
  
  
• The system is introduced only to a small group of users;
• It reduces the risks of failure or malfunction before introducing to the full group;
  
  
• Pilot running is a small-scale implementation of the system for a limited number of users;
• It allows the developers make improvements in the system based on users’ feedback before its full release / roll out;

Award [3 max]

Example 1

• Parallel running is less risky than direct changeover;
• if the new system fails, operation can continue under the old system;
• whilst in direct changeover if the new system fails the data is lost/ operation cannot continue;
  
  

Example 2

• Parallel running allows organization to test the new system (all features of the new system can be fully trialled);
• and the organization switches over to the new one if(when) it is found to be more efficient than the old one;
• Whilst in direct changeover the new system is started without ensuring that the new system is working correctly/efficiently before the old system is terminated;
  
  

Example 3

• Parallel running ensures new system runs without errors;
• if errors are found, refer to old system to resolve and make modifications to new system;
• Whilst in direct changeover the old system is terminated (and the new system is started without ensuring that it is working correctly);
  
  

Example 4

• Parallel running allows staff can be trained in the new system gradually;
• helps them gain confidence in new system;
• as the changeover does not happen immediately;
  
  Note: Reward other suitable responses.

Award [3] max.

• Two systems will be run simultaneously so that operations are not disrupted, this is a costly operation;
• Because both systems and all their resources need to be maintained/run at the same time;
• Data migration has many risks/is a complex process so the costs to implement it correctly are high because of additional costs due to delays /lost time/data entry;
• The decision on when and whether the new system is ready to remove the old one depends on the testing and validation of the new system, which includes some additional costs associated with the testing/validation of the system;
  
  Note: Reward other suitable responses.

Award [4 max].

• there is no extra cost;
• for running two systems/for extra salaries (no need to increase the number of employees);
• benefits can be gained immediately;
• because new system is better than the old;
• if there is a bug in the new system;
• there is not a second system to fall back on/could be disastrous for the company;
• employees will need to be capable of using the new system immediately;
• without training/with training in advance but not on the system;
• Mark as 2 and 2

Award [4 max] Award up to [2 max] for strengths and up to [2 max] for weaknesses/limitations.  

Strengths:\ Possibility of detecting/recovering from errors without a lot of down time/ it is easy to roll back if something is not functioning correctly;

• Issues with one phase only affect a small area of the organization;
• The conversion is done gradually so more time is available for adjustments/ time for the users to adapt is longer;
• Users gain early process and software knowledge that they can use in the subsequent phases;
• Technical staff can concentrate on part of the system or some of the users/the burden on the technical staff is minimal in this method;
  
  

Weaknesses/limitations:\ Project duration for full implementation is long/system deadline is unclear;

• The implementation may appear unclear to the users;
• Training sessions are confusing for users as they are asked to work with the new and the old system;
• A ‘fall back’ to the old system is becoming more difficult with every new phase;
• It can prove costly because of adjustments that are needed (for example, temporary interfaces)/ correctness and completeness of the data has to be checked several times;

Award [5 max]

• Direct changeover:\ is the cheapest and quickest/the old system is completely switched for the new one;
• this is straight forward but also the most risky / nothing to fall back on;
• no need to keep data duplicates;
• it allows the organization to change the system when most convenient;
• the employees have very little time in order get use to the new system as the change is instantaneous;
• there is a period of time when neither systems are operational;
• Phased conversion:\ method where the old system is still in use but parts of the new system or modules are introduced, involves bringing in the new system one step at a time;
• less risky than direct changeover; less risky that the whole system will go wrong/if something happens, it will only affect the specific part;
• takes a lot of time;
• employees have enough time for training/to get use to the new system / are introduced to the changes in small stages;
• Employees/users could ask for changes which then hold up the installation of the next phase which helps improving the system;

Award [6 max].
Award [1] for method, award [1] for benefit and award [1] for drawback.

• Parallel running;
• The old and new systems run together, so if a problem is found with the new system, it can be repaired/the old system can take over;
• This is expensive as duplicate systems and staff are needed;
  
  
• Pilot running;
• The new system is only implemented in one branch of the organization so disruption is kept to a minimum;
• It can take a long time for the new system to be fully implemented / two systems are still in operation within the organization, leading to duplication and possible errors;
  
  
• Direct changeover;
• The new system is implemented overnight so the changes happen very quickly;
• If the new system fails, the company has no working system to fall back on;
  
  
• Phased conversion;
• Only one area/department/part of the system is updated at a time, so the disruption is kept to a minimum;
• Multiple systems which may not be compatible with each other will be running at the same time;
  
  Note to examiners: Accept other suitable examples of benefits and drawbacks.
• Mark as 3 and 3.

Award [2 max]

• Legacy system is an outdated computer system/(application) software that is still in use/ still meets the needs it was originally designed for/ is essential for the organization;
• it cannot be updated /does not receive support and maintenance/ doesn’t allow for growth/ is incompatible with current (new) more advanced solutions;

Award [2 max]
Award [1] for identifying an issue caused by the introduction of a new computer system which transforms how end users perform and interact, ×2.
Examples(the list is not exhaustive):

• Need for training;
• lack of knowledge of the end-users about the new system/ lack of ability to use the new system/ resistance to training?;
  
  
• Resistance to changes;
• turnover-some end users leave the organisation, end user not giving feedback or requirements for the new system;
  
  
• End-user satisfaction;
• end-users excited about changes? increased efficiency/ productivity/ increased employee morale;
  
  
• Change in roles/ role specification;
• agreements/ disagreements on job duties/ fear of redundancy;
  
  
• Poor processes management;
• employees may not understand what is expected of them/ employees could feel that new practices are in conflict with previous / existing practices;

Award [3] max.

• Applications in the legacy/outdated system do not have upgrades;
• Documentation of the legacy system might be missing/incomplete/unreliable;
• Data cannot be converted to newer formats;
• Legacy systems are typically large and complex systems/ mainframes, so programs might be disorganized/hard to understand/expensive to change;
• It may be difficult to find system engineers/ employees/ programmers familiar with the old programming languages/ old operating systems to maintain the system;

Award [1] max.

• Data migration is the process of transporting/transferring data between computers / storage devices;
• Data migration is importing the data/database(s) (created in Africa) into the new database (created in Europe);

Award [3 max]

Example 1

• Data loss/data available in legacy system but after migration process it is not available in the new system;
• because data is accidentally deleted/ something causes data to become corrupted/ viruses/physical damage/incomplete transfer;
• cost involved in rectifying data loss leads to financial risk for the organization / sets back productivity / reputation risk (can cause the organization to lose customers);
  
  

Example 2

• Data Corruption/ Data integrity;
• format and content of data in legacy system and new system is different / incompatible data/ anomalies or redundant or duplicated data or presence of non-meaningful data;
• this affects the efficiency/ it can totally beat purpose of migration;
  
  Note: Students may write an example for this, such as: the legacy system may have had gender details of the employees, but the new system may not have/require them).

Award [3 max].

• by compressing the file;
• if the compressed file does not fit then split the file up into smaller parts;
• then attach each of the individual pieces to separate emails;
• the recipient would have to (download each attachment separately and then) use a file extraction program to extract the larger (divided-up) file, and piece it back together; Accept examples, such as, use (file compression software like) 7-Zip to create an archive containing that 60MB file, splitting it into eight 7.5 MB pieces then use a file extraction program to extract file and piece it back together.
  
  
• Use file-sharing services (Google Drive/OneDrive);
• upload the large file to the cloud;
• and share the link; use an online storage service (that doesn’t integrate directly with an email provider/ Dropbox);
• upload the large file and “share link”;
• then just paste the link into your email (and the recipient will be able to access the file by clicking it);

Award [4] max.
Mark as [2] and [2]
Award [1] for an issue and [1] for a reasonable expansion, x2.

• Different languages used;
• Which leads to translation/communication issues;
  
  
• Different character sets used;
• Which could lead to inconsistent/incorrect results;
  
  
• Incompatible file formats;
• Which could lead to incomplete or incorrect data transfer / data loss;
  
  
• Different file structures / different employee records;
• Which will result in a mismatch of data/ incorrect data;
  
  
• New validation rules differ to the old validation rules (used in the Africa headquarters);
• Which could lead to inconsistent/incorrect results;

Award [2 max].

• Language differences / lexical differences present across datasets to be merged;
• Data representation differences / different data structures (e.g., date format, incompatible file formats);
• Incompatible hardware;
• Incompatible operating systems / different software versions;

Award [2 max].

• Application software cannot run on a particular CPU architecture;
• Software cannot run on an operating system;
• Computer hardware components may not run with a CPU architecture/bus/motherboard;
• Inability of software to interact with files;
• Different data representation (units/conventions i.e., dates/currency etc.);
  
  Note: Reward other suitable answers.

Award [1 max].

• Technical documentation explains how to install software;
• Technical documentation describes the hardware configuration/operating system needed(to install this software);

Award [2 max].

• User efficiency;
• To ensure that users know how to use the system correctly;
  
  
• Support/Troubleshoot;
• To provide users help when they encounter errors;
  
  
• Accuracy;
• To ensure the correct methods are used to enable reliable output;
  
  
• Improved user experience;
• the user is aware of all available features, so they can make the most out of the system;

Award [2 max].

• On a CD/DVD/Blu-ray disc;
• Through embedded help files;
• Online/website;
• Physical/printed media;
  
  Note to examiners: accept answers relating to methods of supplying or media used to present user documentation. Do not accept answers related to training.

Award [2 max]

• On a CD / DVD / Blu-ray disc / flash drive;
• (In built) Help files;
• Website / Online support (in the form of FAQs / chat sessions) / Video demonstrations;
• Printed manuals / PDFs;  
  
  Note to examiners: accept answers relating to methods of supplying or media used to present user documentation. Do not accept answers related to training.

Award [1 max]

• self -instruction/self-learning;
• formal classes;
• remote/online training;
  
  Note: Reward other suitable methods.

Award [3 max]
Award up to [2] for any advantage to end-user (trainee) evaluated, and up to [2] for any disadvantage evaluated.

Note: The response should match the method of training identified in (i). Award marks for the advantages and disadvantages involving convenience, cost, time, effectiveness, comprehensiveness, learning needs, etc.

Example 1 (remote /online training)

• advantage of online training is that it allows end-users to attend classes from any location of their choice;
• with reduced financial costs (because online learning eliminates the cost of transportation / meals / the study materials are cheaper (available online));
• but there are also disadvantages such as: struggle with focusing on the screen for long periods of time/ technology issues (requirements of internet enabled devices/ smart devices/ live internet connection) /sense of isolation / time zone differences between the trainer and the trainees;
  
  

Example 2 (formal classes)

• Direct interaction between the trainer and trainees (end-users);
• no technology issues/no sense of isolation;
• Verified study materials and trainers allow immediate answer to end-users/ gives enduser (trainees) the benefit of receiving immediate feedback;
• but it involves high costs (the expenses associated with end-user training);
• it is time intensive/requires time away from the work;
  
  

Example 3 (self-instruction)

• Self-learning is neither location constrained nor time-bound (end users can choose their own pace/materials/methods);
• less stressed out about failing in front of another person/no social interaction;
• lack of input from trainers can lead to slower progress than f2f training;

Award [2 max] Award [1] for the method and award [1] for correct description

• Self-instruction / Self-study / Self-learning;
• The user would work through documentation / watch instructional videos / learn the features of the application / system by themselves and understand how to use it;
  
  
• Formal classes / Instructor led training / Face to face training;
• Organised (online / classroom) sessions in which a tutor would train a class of users in specific features of an application or system;
  
  
• Online training / Distance training;
• Users are trained over the net / over a digital platform / remotely using training materials designed to show them how to use the application or system;
  
  Note: Accept other suitable responses (Workshops / Seminars / On the job training) with suitable description.

Award [2 max]

• A message can be sent to the user (When the software is installed and registered, the user provides an email address / phone number);
• With a link to the update;
  
  
• notifications/alerts are sent to the computer (a cookie is placed on the user's computer which communicates with the software developer);
• about automatic updates;
  
  
• (when the program is run) it queries a URL the program developer has built in to check whether the current version matches the latest version;
• if not, notifications/alerts are sent;

Award [2 max]

• Allows bugs/error in operating system to be repaired;
• Allows new features to be added to operating system (such as security updates, improving functionality, improving usability, etc.);
• Allows compatibility issues to be improved;

Award [2 max]

• Automatic patches/updates sent (via internet);
• User requested updates (via internet);
• Patches sent on CD/DVD/memory stick;

Award [1 max]

• User acceptance test;
• Beta testing;

Award [2 max].

• Testing is important (at every stage) to make sure the system operates in line with user requirements/as intended;
• To prevent the end user being dissatisfied with the final system;
  
  
• Testing is important to enable early discovery of errors;
• to reduce time delay/ using more resources / avoid higher cost;

Award [2 max]
Award [1] for the purpose and award [1] for an appropriate extension  

Examples:

• User acceptance testing evaluates a product/software to make sure it is up to specifications/ user\ requirements/functions as intended;
• before putting it into production/ before release;
  
  
• It tests for the functionality of the product;
• ensuring that bug fixes / modifications can be completed (in a more cost-effective manner);
  
  
• It serves as a form of quality check;
• to identify problems and defects through user feedback;

Award [2 max].

• The software may not work as expected / may not be better than the existing software / may not meet user requirements / expectations;
• The software may be missing some key features;
• The software may not be user friendly;

Award [2 max]

• helps to reduce the risk of program/ product failure;
• by getting direct feedback from real / end users (each end user performs testing in the end-user's location); beta testing allows the testing of the product over a range of devices/networks/ operating systems;
• allowing the developers to test functionality over a range of environments and configurations; show how the program works in real-world environment / test by real users;
• help to detect any issues/bugs (which are overlooked/undetected by the development team /during internal testing); beta testing engages end users (and creates excitement);
• which helps building a loyal user/customer base;  
  
  Note: Reward other reasonable responses.

Award [3 max].

• Software needs to be tested with typical/extreme/invalid data so when the client (graphic design company) gets to use it most (or all) of the errors have been corrected;
• this can save money (if bugs are caught in the earlier stages, it costs much less to fix them);
• this adds to security/the client gets a trustworthy application (keeps client’s information and data safe)/vulnerability free - problems and risks are eliminated beforehand;
• this increases software quality/brings client satisfaction (best possible client experience);
• ensures the application’s compatibility on many devices and operating systems (companies usually have many devices and tools available);
• helps the application come as intuitive and user friendly as possible;

Award [3 max].

• Testers outside the organization use the operating system in a “real world” setting;
• Enables feedback to be given to the developers;
• So that the software can be improved/corrected/debugged;
• Before it is finally released;
• “Real world” testers may find more bugs as the system is used in ways not originally intended / tested;

Award [3 max]

• Can lead to software which is not appropriate for the purpose it was intended/can lead to the system not meeting user requirements;
• Can lead to (undiscovered) bugs in software/errors in the system;
• Can lead to end user dissatisfaction;
• Can lead to reduced (employee) productivity;
• Can lead to decreased reliability of the organization;

Award [3 max].

• Testers outside the organization use the operating system in a “real world” setting;
• Enables feedback to be given to the developers;
• So that the software can be improved/corrected/debugged;
• Before it is finally released;
• “Real world” testers may find more bugs as the system is used in ways not originally intended / tested;

Award [1 max].

• Human failure/error;
• Software corruption;
• Theft;
• Computer viruses/other malware;
• Hardware destruction;
• Data corruption;

Award [2 max].

• Offsite/online backups/hard copy backups of patients' records should be made;
• To be used in case of system failure;
  
  
• With data loss prevention software/backup software;
• That creates a file back/a copy doctor’s files to a secondary device in an automated fashion;
  
  
• Firewall and antivirus software/all the software;
• Need to be updated and properly maintained (to avoid corruption);
  
  
• Training the staff with security practices;
• to avoid human errors;
  
  
• Physical security;
• to protect against theft;
  
  
• Maintaining the suitable conditions/following best practices for usage;
• to avoid hardware destruction;
  
  Note: Reward other reasonable answers.

Award [2 max].

• Internet backup service could automatically back up (all important) data files;
• to a remote server that could be accessed/controlled over the internet;
  
  
• Copies of all important data files (backup) could be placed on two separate hardware devices;
• which are placed in two different physical locations;
  
  
• A remote file server could be set up;
• for uploading all important data files;

Award [4 max].

• Mark as [2] and [2].
• Malicious activities;
• An unauthorized user gaining access to data and deleting/altering it;
  
  
• Natural disasters / earthquake / storm / power loss;
• Causing the system to crash and destroy data;
  
  
• Malware/viruses/spyware/worms;
• Which infiltrate and damage the data;
  
  
• Human error;
• Accidental deletion/overwriting of files;

Award [4 max].

• Mark as [2] and [2].
• Copies of backup could be kept off-site/cloud backup;
• Unlikely that the other site would be affected by the natural disaster/can be reloaded/reinstalled if needed;
  
  
• Incremental backup only backs up data that has changed;
• Therefore, requiring less storage capacity / can be completed more quickly than a complete backup;
  
  
• Failover system/mirrored system/disk mirroring;
• A duplicate copy to be used in the event the main system fails;

Award [1 max]

• A hardware/device that is connected to/ attached to /external to/ auxiliary to the computer;
• A device used for input, output or storage that is external/ attached to a computer;

Award [1 max].

• A client is a simple application or a whole system that accesses services being provided by a (remote) computer/server;

Award [2 max]

• Client;
• Server/email server/DNS server/file server;
• Router;
• Firewall;

Award [1 max].

• A server is a computer / software which manages access to a centralized resource or service in a network.
• A server is a computer/software that provides data to other computers/clients in a network;

Award [3 max].

• controls the flow of data in the network;
• inspects address of data packets;
• directs to the appropriate network path/ selects a path between networks (by inspecting address of data packets);
• securely transmits data packets (across that path toward the intended destination);

Award [4 max]

• the central computer receives requests from the kiosks/terminals at the check-in desks/mobile phones;
• can manage several clients simultaneously (in order, each providing a different set of services);
• makes sure that the request is valid by accessing its database;
• processes the request;
• sends information to the kiosk;
• all requests/information are sent over the network connection;

Award [1 max].

• End users/ employees/ customers/ community members/ media/ suppliers;
• Business owners/ managers/ shareholders/ investors;

Award [2 max].

• User dissatisfaction;
• because the system does not meet user requirements;
• Developers not being paid for the final product;
• as the business owner requests are not evident in the final product/ or outside of the project's scope;
• Unsuccessful final product;
• the developed system may either solve a different problem/ is not user friendly as compared to the existing system;
  
  Note to examiners: Reward other reasonable responses.

Award [1 max]

• Observation;
• Survey/Questionnaire;
• Interview;
• Brainstorming (get as many ideas as possible from a representative group of end users);

Award [1 max].

• Surveys/questionnaire;
• Observation;

Award [2 max].

Note: The answer to a(ii) should align with the answer to a(i).

• Surveys are a practical/fast way to gather information from a large group of people about something specific in the company (which gives a good composition of data)/anonymity (confidentiality) thus allowing the respondents to express their opinions freely/surveys provide fast results because of today’s mobile and online tools this method of data collection can generate results quickly;
• it is difficult/time consuming/costly/ineffective to collect all the specific data interviewing all the end users/analysis of collected data will take more time;
• Observation allows the entire graphic design company to account for all processes (parts/participants)/gives more realistic view than interview/can highlight aspects that are not detected in interviews/helps to speed up the work of collecting information/ helps to prove or disprove an idea while keeping the overall costs of the collection of information down;
• compared to interviewing many end-users which is costly/time consuming, etc.;
  
  Note: Reward other suitable answers.

Award [4 max].
Mark as 2 and 2

• Examining current systems (using interviews/ surveys/direct observation);
• To compare the existing system against possible requirements to identify missing features;
  
  
• Examining competing products;
• To compare own system with competitors to enable decisions on features to add;
  
  
• Review of organizational capabilities;
• To determine how well the organization manages resources to gain an advantage over competitors;
  
  
• Literature searches;
• To research current methods and to help inform development choices;

Award max [4].
Award [1] for an advantage and [1] for description, x2.

• Cost effective/flexible way of gathering data;
• from large number of users/surveys can be sent out as offline or online form (for better reach);
  
  
• Fast way of gathering data;
• data from a large number of users can be collected in a short period of time;
  
  
• Standardized question formats;
• can yield more reliable data than other methods (interviews, observation, etc.);
  
  
• Anonymity/privacy for respondents;
• can lead to more honest responses;
  
  
• Simple to administer (less time consuming than other methods);
• A large amount of data gathered in a short period of time;
  
  
• Fast results/easy to extract quantitative data/easy to analyse data;
• because all the users are asked the same questions;
  
  Note: Reward other correct responses.

Award max [4].
Award [1] for a strength and [1] for a description.

• Direct observation allows for studying a process in its natural setting;
• this provides a deeper/more comprehensive understanding of the process;
  
  
• Observing enables a full assessment of the process/how users interact with their surroundings;
• uncovering insights that might be missed through other means;
  
  
• By observing directly, reliable data and information is obtained/real-time behaviour is captured;
• unlike other methods, where responses might be influenced by memory or social desirability;
  
  
• Cost-effective/an efficient way to gather information;
• direct observation doesn’t require extensive surveys/interviews/specialized equipment;
  
  
• The data collected through direct observation can lead to clear statistical/qualitative outcomes;
• a valuable tool for understanding user requirements.;
  
  Note: Reward other correct responses.

Award [2 max]

• to graphically/diagrammatically present a system;
• describing the devices/files/media used and tasks/events to be performed by the system;
• so, to help better understand the system/ identify bottlenecks/ inefficiencies/ redundancies/ suggest improvements/ optimizations;
• to represent all the components in a system (inputs and outputs, storage, processes, and decisions);
• using standard symbols (shapes, arrows);
• that provide visual clarity/ help to understand/ analyse the flow of the process;

Award [2 max].

• Prototypes are simple representations of a system to demonstrate its functionality/user interface to the clients;
• Used to evaluate a new design/to improve the accuracy/to collect data (with it the system analyst can survey clients/end-users to get feedback)/to ensure all essential functions of the system are present/meets the needs of the users;

Award [2] max.
Award [1] for stating an advantage and [1] for an expansion.

• Prototyping approach allows the end users (employees, management, owner) to visualize how the final solution might look;
• So, they can provide feedback to the system analysis team;
  
  
• Gives the design team the chance to explore different possibilities;
• Before choosing the best one / most likely one;
  
  
• Feedback from end users;
• Saves wasting time at a later stage;
  
  Note: Reward other suitable answers.

Award [2] max.
Award [1] for stating an advantage and [1] for an expansion.

• Software developer works on a rather simple project / in a small company;
• No end-users so no need for feedback / to explore different possibilities;
  
  
• The software developer is the only end-user;
• No need to waste time and money on a prototype / to view how the solution might look;
  
  
• When designing very large/resources intensive systems;
• A prototype may be too expensive/ cost inefficient;
  
  
• In a case where trial/error is a dangerous approach/can be lethal/harmful for human lives/unethical;
• For example, systems that overlook nuclear power plants/ surgical equipment, etc.

Award [2 max]

• the users identify key issues (positive and negative) in the current computer system;
• describe what they think is wrong with the current computer system;
• explain how they use the current system;
• explain how they think the current system can be improved;
• the users can test and provide feedback on the new system;  
  
  Note: Reward other correct responses.

Award [2 max]

• Very small text and readability;
• Very small functional elements / difficult to navigate;
• Clutter on the screen;
• Low contrast between text and functional elements / poor colour choices for visibility;
• Size of screen (difficult to see in poor light);
• Size of keys (difficult to access functions);
• Battery life (may need to recharge frequently);
• Touch screen keys (lack of tactile feedback);
• Gesture (unresponsive gestures in user interfaces);
• Too many clicks to complete tasks;
• Limited storage/ RAM;  
  
  Note: Reward other suitable issues

Award [2 max].

• number of rejected/hypothesized words (speech commands);
• number of audio signal issues (users being either too loud, too slow or too fast/noisy environment – means decreased accuracy of speech recognition);
• difficulty distinguishing between similar sounding words;
• different dialects/accents which the system may not be able to deal with;
• limited database of commands;
  
  Note: Accept other reasonable answers.

Award [1 max]

• Toolbars;
• Menus;
• Dialogue boxes;

Award [2 max]

• Touch screen;
• Voice recognition;
• Braille keyboards;
• Text-to-speech/screen readers;
• Hotkeys;
• Larger screens;
• Larger text/font options;
• A colour-blind option;
• Size and sensitivity of touchpad - larger/ less sensitive touchpads;
  
  
  Note: Reward other suitable answers

Award [2 max] Award [1] for identifying a way and award [1] for an expansion.   Different health cell phone apps can track/record data;

• To detect unhealthy conditions;  
  
  Note: Accept examples of cell phone apps that can monitor any vital signs and be used in diagnostic, such as sleep tracking functionality in prenatal care, etc.   Cell phone apps can access nutrition information/guide;
• So, users can eat healthier food; Cell phone apps to monitor/track exercise (track distance, time, speed, and calories burned);
• And serve a role as motivator to do more of it;  
  
  Note: Accept other reasonable answers.

Award [2 max] Award [1] for a concern and [1] for an expansion. Privacy concerns;

• All the time and at all locations/ in a place and time when a user has a reasonable expectation of privacy; Safety concerns;
• surveillance is possible/ possible sharing the user’s whereabouts with stalkers; Advertisers could profile;
• User’s physical/online habits; Erroneous data could be created;
• Because of missing/incorrect location information;

Award [1 max].

• Expensive hardware needed for high performance;
• Need for special skills in use of graphic design software;
• Unable to decode the file format;
• File corruption;
  
  Note: Accept hardware or software examples, such as expensive colour printing, expensive high-resolution screens, high storage requirements, complexity/cost/limitations of graphic design software.

Award [2] max.

• the video/images could be viewed by anyone;
• which may not be desirable since some people may not wish to have themselves regarded by everyone;
• anybody could download the images/video;
• and they can be manipulated by outsiders;
• posting images of other people at a private function requires their permission;
• did she get permission from her friends? ;
• that they were fine with her posting and share their pictures with everyone;

Award [3 max].

• False advertising;
• Images manipulated/edited/falsified;
• And used to deceive people into supporting a product/brand; Forgery;
• Images of jewellery/fashion products/buildings/landscapes could be edited/falsified;
• For gain; Fraud;
• The image of an accident/happening can be changed/edited;
• To mislead police/an insurance company/public; Copyright violation/Copyright infringement/Copyfraud;
• Copyrighted images used without permission of the copyright holder/without giving credit to the author;
• to profit from their efforts/which is plagiarism/which is unlawful;
  
  Note: Award marks for any identified and fully explained problem in areas such as advertising, journalism, fraud, pornography, offensive imaging, etc.

Award [4 max]

• Personal/professional development of all employees must be considered;
• Physical safety (of all users);
• Ergonomic standards (human-computer components);
• Human dignity of all users;
• The new system might be designed to replace some staff;
• Code of ethics (system resources should not be used without approval);